The world population
Average number of children per woman : Germany 1.46
Average number of children per woman : France 1.64

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INED wishes you a Happy New Year 2026!

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The effects of COVID-19 on young people’s trajectories five years later

Through the work of INED researcher Léonard Moulin, recent head of the "COVID-19 and Education" Research Chair funded by the Ile-de France Regional Council, the Institute brings to light the lasting effects of the health crisis on learning, post-high school discipline orientations, and labor force integration

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Life Expectancy


Lets explain how to determine wat the future holds


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